If you want to create a static website, html, css and javascript will do the job for you, but building a database backed dynamic website you need to learn php, .net etc
apache or lightppd server with php and mysql db is a way for developing internet applications other one is asp dotNet
first of let you know that HTML is not a programming language,but is a mark up language were we use the tags. To develop a good website it is better to use php.Because the applications of php are wide,where you can run it on the linux server. you can limit the cost ,so you need not to pinch your purse.
HTML and PHP, I don't think you can develop a website using PHP without HTML. JavaScript is good but is not good for SEO
It depends on what type of website you want to make, But i am using php and asp.net both as per the clients requirement
PHP and Asp.net both are needed for website programming, even you should know html and css for making websites
Currently, I use only HTML to build my website. I'm going to learn PHP and apply it to my site, as PHP is easier to learn and cheaper than other language in terms of hosting.
Every language has its own advantage so u can take any language for making website, its totally depends on u , if u know that language deeply then its gud for u...
There is no best language. It's a matter of preference, but many small companies or solo developers use PHP because it's free.