I am wondering how much server overhead there to have PHP if statements evaluated, i.e. memory consumption and CPU usage. I've searched around and didn't find anything that definitively answered this question. For example, if I have a WordPress blog and use a lot of if statements to render each post summary on the home page, is this going to require a lot more server resources if the home page starts getting high traffic? And on pages that have many posts are listed (i.e. category pages) , it seems like this could become an issue. Or, is this something I shouldn't even be worrying about?
You shouldn't worry about this at all. 1 MySQL database call will take up 10,000 more times than what an if would do (hypothetically speaking). Most optimizations should be done at the DB level. And if you don't have an opcode cache, get one (APC).
In that case, what about when the IF statements are checking database values, i.e. if not null or if a value exists. Is that resource intensive?
Resource intensive is using something like GD extension to create and manipulate images on the fly, or working with ffmpeg. Conditionals are hardly resource intensive especially if simple comparisons (and not something like regex)