it seems that we can always specify UTF-8 for htmlspecialchars() using the 3rd argument and for mb_strlen() and other mb functions, set them to use UTF-8 by calling mb_internal_encoding("UTF-8") but i wonder, can we somehow set up the PHP on the server to always use UTF-8... maybe in php.ini or by ini_set()? otherwise we will need to always remember to specify it each time. thanks.