Let's put together an awesome resource for local SEO. - SEOmoz | One Dead Simple Tactic for Better Rankings in Google Local - Local Search Engine Optimization Best Practices | SEO Book.com - How To Do Local SEO For Your Website in Five Minutes (or So) - SEOmoz | The Beginner's Checklist for Small Business SEO Bring in your recommendations - links or suggestions.
I've found most "concise resources" to be lacking in actual influential algorithmic variables. So, this is Semmy-worthy guide from David Mihm. You can basically print this puppy out and use it as a reference manual. Here ya go, - the non-condensed local search guide and ranking factors
cris-tew & Brad, interesting info. +Rep added. HOWEVER, there's a twist: With "Local" you mean a specific location within your main country. While that's perhaps very interesting for small business owners, or people targeting a town niche, that's not the kind of "local" I am used to do. In my business, I tread with global players, and for them "local" means a specific country, not a single town within their same country. And there you start getting twists such as language, culture, different look and feel, images, colors... and how Google search for "local" stuff, which is not exactly "town-specific" or "neighborhood-specific" stuff... have a look for example on my post how to rank #1 locally in Google. Like everything, "local" is relative. At town level it might be a neighborhood. At national level, it may be a town. At world level, it may be a whole country. And the strategy for "local" SEO will be different in the three cases...
When referring to local SEO it typically means towns and smaller regions, not whole countries. While it mostly applies to local businesses with a bit of imagination anyone can use it. There are massive opportunities in local SEO.
Another good guide here: http://www.searchengineguide.com/dave-cosper/optimizing-your-lbl-for-local-search-sup.php Does anyone have any more resources?
This is a great up-to-date video overview of Local SEO: http://www.seomoz.org/blog/the-basics-of-local-seo-whiteboard-friday