I have two german sites. Which is the best way to get among the first places on german google? Is it worth submitting it to english directories as well or only german ones? And are link exchanges penalized by google?
I think you should be able to submit to English directories as well. Just ensure as far as possible that the directories you submit to are relevant and pick the closest category to your content.
1. try to using local social bookmark 2. set your geographic target in google webmaster tools to germany
If you are going to submit to English directories, make sure you have an English version of your site at least. If I owned an English directory and you submitted a German site I would definitely not approve it because it is useless to my readers.
Is it worth submitting it to english directories as well or only german ones? If your site is a target market for German only then submit to those directories, if not them most definately also submit to English directories.
While I don't know what your site's purpose is exactly, it depends. If the website is a .de and strictly German content, then YES do strictly German Search Engines/Directories. However, if the content could be directed towards some English markets/audience, then do both German and English Directories. Good luck