If a crawler visits a webpage, what happens? Is it like a browser? It "browses" and then parses the HTML code? Because in fact, any webpage written in any language, generate HTML as the final result. Thanks!
Yes, that is basically how it works. http://www.seo-browser.com is a neat tool that shows you what the search engines see when they visit your site.
Some crawlers can be based on regular browsers and work as browser extension. In this case it can read any generated javascript content.
Yep, you got it. It does not matter whatever language a website is written in or if it has a database backend, only the output (HTML) matters.
That's why it's NOT a good idea to have too much flash content on your site, that doesn't out put HTML and so won't get indexed.