Backlinks, backlinks and more backlinks. Posting in forums is great for SEO and PageRank and drives traffic to your website at the same time. Also try Facebook wall posts as well. How good are you with Twitter, it can also be a great source for traffic.
traffic can be got from many ways, ads of google, real life ads, seo and etc., but I think traffic not the aim, we should focus on convert rate of the traffic --> real orders --> money in your hands~
Depends on your experience. Obviously yours is limited, but when you know what you're doing and can find some hidden gems in terms of competition, getting traffic can happen very quckly.
It really depends on the niche, if its not competitive then maybe 4 to 8 weeks, if it is it could take a lot longer
Time is not specific nobody can specify. It can take days,weeks or months, also it depends how well you have done the SEO.
it is a long time work, and has no accurate time to value, it depends on how much work you do on optimization