I noticed that when transfering domains to GoDaddy you are charged immediatelly (from your CC or PayPal), but should the transfer not happen you are not refunded automatically. To get your money, you have to open an support ticket asking for refund to receive your payment back. I think this policy of GoDaddy is very much in "robber-style".
Each domain name transfers include the renewal for the one year. I suppose that is rare to have transfer without renewal fee
Some registrars have different policy for refund, Namecheap has similar policy but in case the transfer is not successful they refund automatically. I think you should open the ticket with Godaddy and ask for the refund.
GoDaddy is decent for personal use, but business use is not very good with GoDaddy. They try to sell you a bunch of stuff and you have to talk to them to get issues resolved that shouldn't be issues in the first place. Cheap, Targeted, Wholesale Priced Business Visitor's To Your Website! - simplecustomers.com
If you speak to them on the phone they will work with you. I recently had my account hacked and the hacker even bought a shitload of domains and hosting and whatnot. Eventually I was able to get my account restored and a majority of those charges refunded.