Do search engines really mind where you page is within a domain. For example, is there any difference between the two as far as SEO goes? mydomain.com/page mydomain.com/resource/page
No not really, but you usually aren't ranking for your about or resource pages. Just your content and your main page as those are the main linking you will be promoting. Changing your permalinks for your posts might help depending on how long they are.
The location of the articles you are ranking for doesn't really have much bearing on SEO. What matters is the content and the keywords.
the location of the page doesn't matter that much for seo but in my opinion nearer the page to the root, better it is for seo.
Good and generalize url structure will surely improve your user website experience. you will notice that short urls get clicked twice as often as long ones. it is advisable for not only ranking but also better click through rate.