Search rankings can change dramatically because of technical SEO issues, but the biggest problem seems to be different for every website. Was it crawlability, indexing, Core Web Vitals, JavaScript rendering, duplicate content, internal linking or something else?
I’d say crawlability and indexing had the biggest impact for me. It’s easy to focus on content updates while missing small technical issues that stop search engines from properly discovering or understanding pages. Things like bad internal linking, wasted crawl budget, or accidentally blocking important URLs can quietly hurt rankings for months. I’ve found that fixing the basics often gives better results than chasing every new seo trend.
For me it was duplicate versions of the same pages, honestly. I had a site where both the www and non-www versions, plus trailing slash versions, were all getting crawled, so Google was splitting the signals between them instead of putting it all behind one URL. Once I picked one version and made everything point to it consistently, the canonical tags, the internal links and the sitemap, the main pages started picking up properly. It was one of those things that looked fine on the surface until I actually checked what Google had indexed.
For sites with tags or filters, URL bloat is the one I'd check first, partly because it can go unnoticed for so long. A catalog with a few thousand useful pages can expose tens of thousands of combinations through filters, sorting and pagination, and nothing looks broken from the front end. The quick test is to compare how many URLs Google has discovered with how many canonical pages you actually want indexed. If the first number is five or ten times the second, look at parameter handling, internal links and canonical signals. rbsojib's www and trailing slash case is a smaller version of the same problem: one page, several addresses, signals split between them. Not every filtered URL is bad, though. Some match real searches and deserve a proper landing page. The work is deciding which ones, not blocking the whole lot.