caching means the search engines crawler cache your webpages when they crawl your site and indexing means your exact URL displays in the SERP
copy and paste any of your site URL in the search engine and if it displays exact URL which you have given in search it means indexing.... i hope you got my point...
Indexing is when your pages get into googles index. Caching is the last crawled version of your pages that google has in it's index. If the visitor clicks "cached" n the search results they'll see the version of your website that google crawled.
Indexing simply refer to the number of pages indexed by google of your site. You can check indexed pages by typing: site:yourdomainname.com in google search box, where else, Caching is "How your site is appearing as per google system but not as a viewer eyes" You can check you cache by typing: cache:yourdomainname.com in google search box If you see the same site by typing the cache code and search in the google search box then it fine however,Sometime you might find a different look of site in cache then is it referred to contact the developer to set it. Please not it is necessary for a site to look same in cache as well as in viewer eye to gain good credibility by google. Thanks
Cache: Google take a copy of our website for showing in Result Indexing: Google give SERP to that page in search engine.
Indexing is a process to make a webpage searchable on search engine whereas the process of caching refers to providing a reprinting content snapshot. For example, if we uploaded a new website, then first of all search engine crawler will read the site and after that, it will store all its contents in its Index Data Base in a different format (by giving priority to the h1, h2, or bold, title, meta tags etc.), it will not place content as it was published. As a result, the site will appear in search results for optimized keywords. Google also takes a snapshot of each page on a website and stores it in a different data base which is known as cache data base. If you click on the “Cached†link, you will see the web page as it looked when we indexed it. while, Google creates the index and the database of documents that it accesses when processing a query.